Previously, Huawei claimed its second-generation AI chip “Ascend 910B” could compete with NVIDIA’s A100 and was working to replace NVIDIA, which holds over 90% of the market share in China. However, Huawei is now facing significant obstacles in expanding its production capacity. According to a report from ChosunBiz, the chip is being manufactured by China’s leading semiconductor foundry, SMIC, and has been in mass production for over half a year, yet the yield rate remains around 20%. Frequent equipment failures have severely limited production capacity.

The report on June 27 states that despite being in mass production for over half a year, SMIC’s manufacturing of the Ascend 910B is still facing challenges, as four out of five chips still have defects. Meanwhile, due to increased U.S. export restrictions, the supply of equipment parts has been disrupted, causing production output to fall far short of targets.

SMIC initially projected an annual production of 500,000 units for the Ascend 910B, but due to continuous equipment failures, this goal has not been met. Currently, SMIC is unable to introduce new equipment and has to retrofit low-performance Deep Ultraviolet (DUV) equipment to replace advanced Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) equipment for etching the 7nm circuits of the AI chips.

Dutch photolithography giant ASML stated that using EUV equipment for 7nm processes requires only nine steps, whereas using DUV equipment requires 34 steps. More steps lead to higher production costs, higher defect rates, and more frequent equipment failures. Additionally, the U.S. has further restricted global equipment manufacturers from providing maintenance services within China.

Industry sources cited by the same report reveal that SMIC lacks engineers for maintaining and managing chip manufacturing equipment, and global equipment suppliers are hesitant to provide services to China due to U.S. sanctions. SMIC is currently using equipment and parts purchased before the U.S. sanctions to maintain its 7nm production line.

According to a previous report by The Information, major tech companies such as Alibaba, Baidu, ByteDance, and Tencent have also been instructed to reduce their spending on foreign-made chips like NVIDIA’s. The Chinese government, which is aggressively promoting its own data center projects, is said to be boosting demand for Huawei’s AI chips as well.

Previously, the Wall Street Journal reported in January that Huawei received pre-orders for at least 5,000 Ascend 910B chips from Chinese tech giants last year, with delivery expected this year.

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(Photo credit: Huawei)

According to a report from the Economic Daily News, amid the escalating US-China tech war, Chinese President Xi Jinping emphasized the need to enhance the sense of urgency and intensify efforts in technological innovation. Particularly in six key areas, including semiconductors, industrial machinery, and advanced materials, China aims to ensure the independence, security, and control of crucial industrial and supply chains, striving to become a technological powerhouse by 2035.

During the speech Xi delivered while presenting China’s top sci-tech award on June 24th, he stated that building China into a technological powerhouse has been a persistent goal of the Chinese nation since modern times. As per the same report, by 2035, China aims to possess world-leading technological strength and innovation capability, which will support a significant leap in economic strength, national defense strength, and comprehensive national power.

Xi also called for China to focus on six key areas, including addressing bottlenecks in integrated circuits (semiconductors), industrial machinery, basic software, advanced materials, and scientific research instruments by intensifying technological research and development efforts. The goal is to ensure that critical industrial and supply chains are self-sufficient, secure, and controllable, providing technological support for these areas.

Furthermore, he urged targeting the strategic high ground of future technological and industrial development, accelerating innovation in next-generation information technology, artificial intelligence (AI), quantum technology, biotechnology, new energy, and new materials. The aim is to foster the growth of emerging and future industries.

Regarding the current international situation, Xi mentioned that the technological revolution and major power rivalries are intertwined, making high-tech fields the forefront and main battleground of international competition. He also acknowledged that China’s capability for original innovation remains relatively weak, with some critical core technologies dependent on others and a shortage of top scientific talent.

Earlier this month, Huawei also reportedly acknowledged that China’s semiconductor development may have plateaued. Per a report from Business Korea, Zhang Ping’an, the Chief Executive Officer of Huawei Cloud Services, noted that manufacturing 3.5 nm semiconductors necessitates EUV lithography machines, which Huawei is reportedly working on independently. However, overcoming U.S. and Dutch patents to internalize this technology is considered highly challenging.

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According to a report from Reuters, it’s rumored that ByteDance, the parent company of TikTok, is collaborating with American chip designer Broadcom to develop an advanced AI processor, which could provide ByteDance with a steady supply of high-end chips.

On June 24th, Reuters’ report cited sources, stating that the 5nm Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) being developed by the two companies will comply with U.S. export control regulations and will be manufactured by TSMC.

Since the introduction of advanced chip export controls by Washington in 2022, no public announcements have been made regarding the development of 5nm or more advanced chips in collaboration between Chinese and American companies.

The sources cited by the same report indicate that ByteDance’s collaboration with existing partner Broadcom can help reduce procurement costs and ensure a stable supply of high-end chips. However, TSMC will not start manufacturing this new chip this year. According to Reuters citing other sources, although the two companies have already begun the design process, they have yet reached the tape-out stage, which signifies the completion of the design phase and readiness for manufacturing.

Securing a reliable source of AI chips is crucial for ByteDance’s algorithms. In addition to TikTok, the company operates numerous popular apps, including “Doubao,” an AI chatbot service similar to ChatGPT. The report further suggests that ByteDance stockpiled a significant number of NVIDIA chips, including A100, H100, A800, and H800, ahead of the initial round of U.S. sanctions. In 2023, ByteDance allocated USD 2 billion for purchasing NVIDIA chips.

Per another previous report from Reuters, it indicated that in response to U.S. sanctions, some Chinese AI chip manufacturers decided to downgrade their self-designed processors to avoid being cut off from TSMC’s foundry services. Reportedly, MetaX and Enflame entrusted downgraded chip design schematics to TSMC late last year to comply with U.S. regulations. These two leading Chinese AI chipmakers had previously claimed that their chips could rival NVIDIA’s GPUs in performance.

The downgraded AI chips designed by NVIDIA specifically for the Chinese market, including the most advanced model “H20,” reportedly received a lackluster initial market response. Due to abundant supply and forced price reductions, currently, the H20 is reportedly cheaper than competing chips from Huawei. The chip is reportedly to be sold at approximately 100,000 yuan per unit, while Huawei 910B sold at over 120,000 yuan per unit.

A previous report by The Information also indicated that major tech companies such as Alibaba, Baidu, ByteDance, and Tencent have been instructed to reduce their spending on foreign-made chips like NVIDIA’s.

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(Photo credit: Broadcom)

Though being capable of running AI features may be the primary focus for global smartphones this year, due to restrictions on AI products’ usage in China, the Wall Street Journal reports that the upcoming new iPhone, expected at the end of the year, will not be able to use ChatGPT in China. Apple has reportedly been in discussions with companies like Baidu for potential partnerships, but no progress has been made yet.

China is Apple’s largest market for iPhones outside the United States. While smartphones from various brands will integrate AI this year at full throttle, incorporating apps like OpenAI’s ChatGPT, these apps from Western countries are not permitted for use in the Chinese market. According to the Wall Street Journal, industry insiders indicate that Apple is still searching for a Chinese AI partner. However, with the new iPhone set to launch in a few months, no progress has been made.

Notably, as per a report from TrendForce, in the first quarter, Apple faced a decline in sales in the Chinese market, resulting in a  drop in annual production to 47.9 million units.

In China, companies must obtain government approval to release AI devices. As of March this year, the Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission has approved 117 generative AI products, none of which are from brands outside of China.

The Wall Street Journal, citing industry sources, reported that Apple had tentatively inquired with Chinese authorities earlier this year about the possibility of allowing foreign language AI models on their smartphones. While believing approval to be unlikely, Apple has reportedly sought partnerships with local companies instead.

One of Apple’s main competitors, Samsung, has already launched the Galaxy S24 this year, featuring real-time translation and AI-enhanced photo editing and search capabilities. Samsung’s phone includes its own generative AI and also collaborates with Google. However, since Google’s AI tool Gemini is not permitted for use in China, Samsung has shifted to partnering with Baidu and Meitu AI.

It is not new for global tech companies to adjust their product and service offerings to cater to the Chinese market. For example, Apple uses state-owned enterprise servers for iCloud in China, and the recently launched Vision Pro cannot stream Apple TV+ in the country.

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(Photo credit: Apple)

According to a report from Reuters on June 19, to further restrict China’s semiconductor industry and prevent the use of semiconductor manufacturing equipment in military applications, Alan Estevez, the U.S. Commerce Department’s Under Secretary for Industry and Security, will visit the Netherlands and Japan.

Reportedly, Estevez will visit the Netherlands and Japan, with the primary objective of further limiting China’s ability to manufacture advanced semiconductors and preventing China from using chip manufacturing equipment to enhance its military capabilities. Additionally, the U.S. may add another 11 Chinese chip companies to the restricted list.

Sources cited by the report indicate that this move includes limiting the activities of equipment suppliers such as ASML and Japan’s Tokyo Electron in the Chinese market. Special attention will be given to Chinese chip manufacturers developing high-bandwidth memory (HBM) chips.

The report from also states that in July 2023, to align with U.S. government policies aimed at curbing China’s technological advancements, Japan, home to several chip equipment manufacturers like Nikon and Tokyo Electron, imposed restrictions on the export of 23 types of machinery to China. These machines range from those used for depositing thin films on silicon wafers to etching micro-integrated circuits. Similarly, the U.S. has imposed related restrictions on American companies such as Applied Materials and Lam Research.

Following Japan, the Dutch government also restricted ASML from exporting deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography machines to China. The U.S. has not allowed some Chinese foundries to purchase additional advanced DUV machines. Prior to this, ASML had already ceased the export of even more advanced extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography machines to China.

With the Netherlands imposing new restrictions on the export of advanced chip manufacturing equipment effective from January, ASML previously announced that starting from 2024, they would not be able to ship NXT:2000i and higher DUV lithography equipment to China.

Equipment below NXT:2000i, including NXT:1970i and NXT:1980i, would also be restricted from shipment to advanced process fabs in China. ASML’s Chief Financial Officer, Roger Dassen, anticipated that this will impact 10% to 15% of sales in the Chinese market in 2024.

On the other hand, it has been reported that the U.S. government is in discussions with its allies about adding another 11 Chinese chip manufacturers to the blacklist. During a visit to the Netherlands in April this year, U.S. officials attempted to prevent ASML from continuing to provide maintenance services for equipment used in China. However, since ASML’s service contracts with Chinese customers are still valid and the Dutch government lacks the extraterritorial authority to terminate these contracts, this effort faced significant challenges.

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(Photo credit: iStock)